evolution of computer | 1st , 2nd, 3rd ,4th and 5th generation of computer

      Evolution of computer-: 



  • Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical adding  machine in 1642

  • Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the first calculator for multiplication in 1671.
  • Keyboard machines originated in the United States around 1880.

  •  Around 1880, Herman Hollerith came up with the concept of punch cards that were extensively used as input media until the late 1970s.

  • Charles Babbage is considered to be the father of the modern digital computer.

  • He designed “Different Engine” in 1822

  • His efforts established a number of principles that are fundamental to the design of any digital computer.


              Some Well Known Early Computers



  1.  The Mark I Computer(1937-44)

  2.  The Atanasoff-Berry Computer(1939-42)

  3.  The ENIAC(1943-46)

  4.  The EDSAC (1947-49)

  5.  The EDVAC (1947-52)

  6.   Manchester Mark I (1948)

  7.   The UNIVAC I (1951)



Computer generation-: Generation in computer talk is a step in technology. It provides a framework for the growth of industry originally it was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies, but now it has been extended to include both hardware and software.

First-generation (1942-1955)-:

1. Key Hardware technologies-:


  • Vacuum tubes

  • Electromagnetic relay memory

  • Punched cards secondary storage

2. Key software technologies-:


  • Machine and assembly languages

  • Stored program concept

  • Mostly scientific applications

3. Key characteristics-:


  • Bulky in size

  • Highly unreliable

  • Limited commercial use and costly

  • Difficulty commercial production

  • Difficult to use

4. Some representative systems


  • ENIAC

  • EDVAC

  • EDSAC

  • UNIVAC I

  • IBM 701

Second generation(1955-1964)-:

1. Key hardware technologies-:


  • Transistors

  • Magnetic cores memory

  • Magnetic tapes

  • Disk for secondary storage

2. Key software technologies-:


  • Batch operating system

  • High-level programming languages

  • Scientific and commercial application

3. Key characteristics-:


  • Faster, smaller, more reliable and easier to program than previous generation systems

  • Commercial production was still difficult and costly

4. Some representative systems-:


  • Honeywell 400

  • IBM 7030

  • CDC 1604

  • UNIVAC LARC

Third generation(1964-1975)-:

1. Key hardware technologies-:


  • ICs with SSI and MSI technologies

  • Larger magnetic cores memory

  • Larger capacity disk and  magnetic tapes secondary storage

  • Minicomputers; upward compatible family of computers

2. Key software technologies-:


  • Timesharing operating system

  • Standardization of high-level programming languages

  • Unbundling of software from hardware

3. Key characteristics-:


  • Faster, smaller, more reliable easier and cheaper to produce

  • Commercial, easier to use, and easier upgrade  than previous generation system

  • Scientific, commercial and interactive online applications


4. Some rep. systems


  • IBM 360/370

  • PDP-8

  • PDP-11

  • CDC 6600

Fourth generation(1975-1989)-:

1. Key hardware technologies-:


  • ICs with VLSI technology

  • Microprocessor; semiconductor memory

  • Larger capacity hard disk as in-build secondary storage

  • Magnetic tapes and floppy disk as portable storage media

  • Personal computers

  • Supercomputer based on parallel vector processing and symmetric multiprocessing technologies

  • Spread off the high-speed computer network


2. Key software technologies


  • The operating system for PCs with GUI and multiple windows on a single terminal screen

  • Multiprocessing OS with a concurrent programming language

  • UNIX operating system with a c programming language

  • Object-oriented design and programming

  • PC Network-based and supercomputing applications


3. Key characteristics-:


  • Small, affordable, reliable, and easy to use PCs

  • More powerful and reliable mainframe system and supercomputers

  • Totally general-purpose machines

  • Easier to produce commercially

  • Easier to upgrade

  • Rapid software development possible

4. Some rep. systems


  • IBM PC and its clones

  • Apple II

  • TRS-800

  • VAX-9000

  • CRAY-1

  • CRAY-2

  • CRAY-X/MP

Fifth-generation(1989-present)-:

1. Key hardware technologies


  • ICs with ULSI technology

  • Larger capacity main memory, hard disk with RAID support

  • Optical disks as portable read-only storage media

  • Notebooks, powerful desktop PCs and workstation

  • Powerful servers, supercomputers

  • Internet

  • Cluster computing

2. Key software technologies-:


  • Micro-kernel based, multithreading, distributed OS 

  • Parallel programming libraries like MPI & PVM

  • JAVA

  • World Wide Web 

  • Multimedia internet applications

  • More complex supercomputing applications

3. Key characteristics-:


  • Portable computers 

  • Powerful, cheaper, reliable, and easier to use desktop machines

  • Powerful supercomputers

  • High uptime due to hot-pluggable components

  • Totally general-purpose machines

  • Easier to produce commercially, easier to upgrade

  • Rapid software development possible

4. Some rep. systems-:

  • IBM  notebook

  • Pentium PCs

  • SUN workstation

  • IBM SP/2

  • SGI Origin 2000

  • PARAM 100000

If you want to learn history of computer in hind then look at this- https://masterprogramming.in/history-of-computer-in-hindi/ or if you want to learn what is computer then click here - https://masterprogramming.in/what-is-computer/

Comments

Post a Comment

Popular posts from this blog

First generation of computer | Advantages and Disadvantages of first-generation computers

Image
Hello friends, today we learn about the First generation of computers, features of first-generation computers ,and  advantages and disadvantages of first-generation computers in it, so let's start. INTRODUCTION - :       The First-generation of computer-: The period of the first generation was from 1940 to 1956. The first-generation computers relied upon the machine language, to owest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. The first generation computer uses a vacuum tube as the basic component because the vacuum tube is the only electronic component available on those days. The vacuum tube is used for circuitry and magnetic drums are used for memory.  First generation of computer | Advantages and Disadvantages of first-generation computers   The general technical features of the first-generation computer are -: (i)Use of vacuum...
Read more

Gray Code and BCD Code(Binary Coded Decimal)

Image
Hello friends, today we learn about gray code and bcd code in it, so let's start Gray Code and BCD Code(Binary Coded Decimal) Gray code-: Digital system process data into discrete form. Many system supplies continuous or analog data nut it should be converted before using it in the digital system. Sometimes Gray code is used for digital system. Gray code belong to the categories of minimum changes code, in which only one bit in the code changes when moving from one code to the next. Gray code is non weighted code it means it does not contain any weight according to its position. The gray code is a reflective digital code which has the special property that any two subsequent numbers code differ by only one bit. Decimal number Binary number Gray code 0 0000 0000 1 0001 0001 2 0010 0011 3 0011 0010 4 0100 0110 5 0101 0111 6 0110 0101 7 0111 0110 8 1000 1100 ...
Read more

ASCII CODE AND EBCDIC CODE

Image
Hello friends, today we learn about gray code and bcd code in it, so let's start ASCII CODE AND EBCDIC CODE       ASCII CODE-:   ASCII stands for “ American standard code for information interchanges “ , It has become a world standard alphanumeric code for micro-computer. It is a 7-bit code and it can represent maximum 2 7 =128 different characters. These character represent 26 uppercase letter (A-Z), 26 lowercase letter (a-z), 10 digit(0-9), 33 special symbol character and 33 control characters. The 7 bit of this code are divided into two parts. First 3 bit of left are called zone bits and next four bits of right side are called numeric bits. ASCII CODE AND EBCDIC CODE  An 8 bits version of ASCII code is also available , which is know as USACC-II or ASCII-8. They can represent maximum of 256 characters. Learn Gray code and BCD code, click here Learn characteristic and limitation of computer, click here Learn what is hardware and so...
Read more