evolution of computer | 1st , 2nd, 3rd ,4th and 5th generation of computer

      Evolution of computer-: 



  • Blaise Pascal invented the first mechanical adding  machine in 1642

  • Baron Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz invented the first calculator for multiplication in 1671.
  • Keyboard machines originated in the United States around 1880.

  •  Around 1880, Herman Hollerith came up with the concept of punch cards that were extensively used as input media until the late 1970s.

  • Charles Babbage is considered to be the father of the modern digital computer.

  • He designed “Different Engine” in 1822

  • His efforts established a number of principles that are fundamental to the design of any digital computer.


              Some Well Known Early Computers



  1.  The Mark I Computer(1937-44)

  2.  The Atanasoff-Berry Computer(1939-42)

  3.  The ENIAC(1943-46)

  4.  The EDSAC (1947-49)

  5.  The EDVAC (1947-52)

  6.   Manchester Mark I (1948)

  7.   The UNIVAC I (1951)



Computer generation-: Generation in computer talk is a step in technology. It provides a framework for the growth of industry originally it was used to distinguish between varying hardware technologies, but now it has been extended to include both hardware and software.

First-generation (1942-1955)-:

1. Key Hardware technologies-:


  • Vacuum tubes

  • Electromagnetic relay memory

  • Punched cards secondary storage

2. Key software technologies-:


  • Machine and assembly languages

  • Stored program concept

  • Mostly scientific applications

3. Key characteristics-:


  • Bulky in size

  • Highly unreliable

  • Limited commercial use and costly

  • Difficulty commercial production

  • Difficult to use

4. Some representative systems


  • ENIAC

  • EDVAC

  • EDSAC

  • UNIVAC I

  • IBM 701

Second generation(1955-1964)-:

1. Key hardware technologies-:


  • Transistors

  • Magnetic cores memory

  • Magnetic tapes

  • Disk for secondary storage

2. Key software technologies-:


  • Batch operating system

  • High-level programming languages

  • Scientific and commercial application

3. Key characteristics-:


  • Faster, smaller, more reliable and easier to program than previous generation systems

  • Commercial production was still difficult and costly

4. Some representative systems-:


  • Honeywell 400

  • IBM 7030

  • CDC 1604

  • UNIVAC LARC

Third generation(1964-1975)-:

1. Key hardware technologies-:


  • ICs with SSI and MSI technologies

  • Larger magnetic cores memory

  • Larger capacity disk and  magnetic tapes secondary storage

  • Minicomputers; upward compatible family of computers

2. Key software technologies-:


  • Timesharing operating system

  • Standardization of high-level programming languages

  • Unbundling of software from hardware

3. Key characteristics-:


  • Faster, smaller, more reliable easier and cheaper to produce

  • Commercial, easier to use, and easier upgrade  than previous generation system

  • Scientific, commercial and interactive online applications


4. Some rep. systems


  • IBM 360/370

  • PDP-8

  • PDP-11

  • CDC 6600

Fourth generation(1975-1989)-:

1. Key hardware technologies-:


  • ICs with VLSI technology

  • Microprocessor; semiconductor memory

  • Larger capacity hard disk as in-build secondary storage

  • Magnetic tapes and floppy disk as portable storage media

  • Personal computers

  • Supercomputer based on parallel vector processing and symmetric multiprocessing technologies

  • Spread off the high-speed computer network


2. Key software technologies


  • The operating system for PCs with GUI and multiple windows on a single terminal screen

  • Multiprocessing OS with a concurrent programming language

  • UNIX operating system with a c programming language

  • Object-oriented design and programming

  • PC Network-based and supercomputing applications


3. Key characteristics-:


  • Small, affordable, reliable, and easy to use PCs

  • More powerful and reliable mainframe system and supercomputers

  • Totally general-purpose machines

  • Easier to produce commercially

  • Easier to upgrade

  • Rapid software development possible

4. Some rep. systems


  • IBM PC and its clones

  • Apple II

  • TRS-800

  • VAX-9000

  • CRAY-1

  • CRAY-2

  • CRAY-X/MP

Fifth-generation(1989-present)-:

1. Key hardware technologies


  • ICs with ULSI technology

  • Larger capacity main memory, hard disk with RAID support

  • Optical disks as portable read-only storage media

  • Notebooks, powerful desktop PCs and workstation

  • Powerful servers, supercomputers

  • Internet

  • Cluster computing

2. Key software technologies-:


  • Micro-kernel based, multithreading, distributed OS 

  • Parallel programming libraries like MPI & PVM

  • JAVA

  • World Wide Web 

  • Multimedia internet applications

  • More complex supercomputing applications

3. Key characteristics-:


  • Portable computers 

  • Powerful, cheaper, reliable, and easier to use desktop machines

  • Powerful supercomputers

  • High uptime due to hot-pluggable components

  • Totally general-purpose machines

  • Easier to produce commercially, easier to upgrade

  • Rapid software development possible

4. Some rep. systems-:

  • IBM  notebook

  • Pentium PCs

  • SUN workstation

  • IBM SP/2

  • SGI Origin 2000

  • PARAM 100000

If you want to learn history of computer in hind then look at this- https://masterprogramming.in/history-of-computer-in-hindi/ or if you want to learn what is computer then click here - https://masterprogramming.in/what-is-computer/

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